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plgf 2  (R&D Systems)


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    Structured Review

    R&D Systems plgf 2
    Inhibitory effects of PB101 on angiogenesis. ( A ) Endothelial cell chemotactic migration assay. EA.hy926 cells (1 × 10 5 , n = 3) were loaded in the upper chambers of Transwell inserts and chemoattracted by VEGF (100 ng/mL) <t>or</t> <t>PlGF-2</t> (40 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (2 or 5 μg/mL) in the lower chambers. The cells that migrated to the underside of the Transwell chamber were manually counted, and the results are presented as a percentage of the untreated control (none). ( B ) Wounding migration of endothelial cells. EA.hy926 cells (4 × 10 5 , n = 5) seeded on a 6-well plate were wounded using pipette tips and treated with VEGF (200 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (2 or 5 μg/mL). The cells that crossed the reference lines (red dashed lines) were counted as migrated cells. ( C ) Capillary tube formation by endothelial cells. EA.hy926 cells (3 × 10 4 , n = 3–4) were seeded on a Matrigel-coated 96-well plate and incubated with VEGF (500 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (500 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (10 or 50 μg/mL). The tube formation area was measured and is presented as an arbitrary unit (a.u.). The cellular images are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bar, 200 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. The p-values were determined via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. PlGF- or VEGF-treated positive controls. ( D and E ) Suppression of recombinant PlGF-induced angiogenesis by PB101 in a Matrigel plug assay. C57BL/6 mice (n = 3, total 12 mice) were injected subcutaneously with Matrigel mixed with VEGF (500 ng/mL) or recombinant PlGF-2 (200 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (50 μg/mL) (D). Mice were injected with vehicle or PB101 (50 mg/kg) every day. To assess the effects of PlGF-overexpressing T cells, CD4 + T cells isolated from PlGF transgenic (PlGF Tg) mice were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 Abs for 48 h. PlGF Tg CD4 + T cells (5 × 10 5 ) and their culture supernatants were incorporated into Matrigel with or without PB101 (50 μg/mL) (E). C57BL/6 mice (n = 3) were subcutaneously injected with these Matrigel plugs and received daily injections of Fc vehicle or PB101 (50 mg/kg). After 14 days, the vascularity of the Matrigel plugs was evaluated through visual assessment and H&E staining of the tissue sections. Scale bars, 500 nm (top) for Matrigel plugs, and 100 (middle) and 1000 (bottom) μm for H&E. The boxed areas in the upper panels of the H&E-stained images are shown at higher magnification in the lower panels. ( F ) Immunohistochemical staining of the Matrigel plugs was performed using an anti-F4/80 Ab to assess macrophage infiltration. The macrophages were manually counted in three randomly selected fields per section of total nine sites per group. Scale bars, 100 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls. ### p < 0.001 and #### p < 0.0001 vs. PB101-untreated positive controls. The p-values were determined via Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's multiple comparisons test.
    Plgf 2, supplied by R&D Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 12 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/recombinant+plgf/Recombinant+Mouse+PlGF-2+Protein/pmc13015212-72-20-25
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    Images

    1) Product Images from "The therapeutic effects of the VEGF decoy receptor fusion protein VEGF-Grab in chronic inflammatory diseases"

    Article Title: The therapeutic effects of the VEGF decoy receptor fusion protein VEGF-Grab in chronic inflammatory diseases

    Journal: eBioMedicine

    doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106216

    Inhibitory effects of PB101 on angiogenesis. ( A ) Endothelial cell chemotactic migration assay. EA.hy926 cells (1 × 10 5 , n = 3) were loaded in the upper chambers of Transwell inserts and chemoattracted by VEGF (100 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (40 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (2 or 5 μg/mL) in the lower chambers. The cells that migrated to the underside of the Transwell chamber were manually counted, and the results are presented as a percentage of the untreated control (none). ( B ) Wounding migration of endothelial cells. EA.hy926 cells (4 × 10 5 , n = 5) seeded on a 6-well plate were wounded using pipette tips and treated with VEGF (200 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (2 or 5 μg/mL). The cells that crossed the reference lines (red dashed lines) were counted as migrated cells. ( C ) Capillary tube formation by endothelial cells. EA.hy926 cells (3 × 10 4 , n = 3–4) were seeded on a Matrigel-coated 96-well plate and incubated with VEGF (500 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (500 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (10 or 50 μg/mL). The tube formation area was measured and is presented as an arbitrary unit (a.u.). The cellular images are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bar, 200 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. The p-values were determined via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. PlGF- or VEGF-treated positive controls. ( D and E ) Suppression of recombinant PlGF-induced angiogenesis by PB101 in a Matrigel plug assay. C57BL/6 mice (n = 3, total 12 mice) were injected subcutaneously with Matrigel mixed with VEGF (500 ng/mL) or recombinant PlGF-2 (200 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (50 μg/mL) (D). Mice were injected with vehicle or PB101 (50 mg/kg) every day. To assess the effects of PlGF-overexpressing T cells, CD4 + T cells isolated from PlGF transgenic (PlGF Tg) mice were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 Abs for 48 h. PlGF Tg CD4 + T cells (5 × 10 5 ) and their culture supernatants were incorporated into Matrigel with or without PB101 (50 μg/mL) (E). C57BL/6 mice (n = 3) were subcutaneously injected with these Matrigel plugs and received daily injections of Fc vehicle or PB101 (50 mg/kg). After 14 days, the vascularity of the Matrigel plugs was evaluated through visual assessment and H&E staining of the tissue sections. Scale bars, 500 nm (top) for Matrigel plugs, and 100 (middle) and 1000 (bottom) μm for H&E. The boxed areas in the upper panels of the H&E-stained images are shown at higher magnification in the lower panels. ( F ) Immunohistochemical staining of the Matrigel plugs was performed using an anti-F4/80 Ab to assess macrophage infiltration. The macrophages were manually counted in three randomly selected fields per section of total nine sites per group. Scale bars, 100 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls. ### p < 0.001 and #### p < 0.0001 vs. PB101-untreated positive controls. The p-values were determined via Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's multiple comparisons test.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Inhibitory effects of PB101 on angiogenesis. ( A ) Endothelial cell chemotactic migration assay. EA.hy926 cells (1 × 10 5 , n = 3) were loaded in the upper chambers of Transwell inserts and chemoattracted by VEGF (100 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (40 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (2 or 5 μg/mL) in the lower chambers. The cells that migrated to the underside of the Transwell chamber were manually counted, and the results are presented as a percentage of the untreated control (none). ( B ) Wounding migration of endothelial cells. EA.hy926 cells (4 × 10 5 , n = 5) seeded on a 6-well plate were wounded using pipette tips and treated with VEGF (200 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (2 or 5 μg/mL). The cells that crossed the reference lines (red dashed lines) were counted as migrated cells. ( C ) Capillary tube formation by endothelial cells. EA.hy926 cells (3 × 10 4 , n = 3–4) were seeded on a Matrigel-coated 96-well plate and incubated with VEGF (500 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (500 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (10 or 50 μg/mL). The tube formation area was measured and is presented as an arbitrary unit (a.u.). The cellular images are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bar, 200 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. The p-values were determined via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. PlGF- or VEGF-treated positive controls. ( D and E ) Suppression of recombinant PlGF-induced angiogenesis by PB101 in a Matrigel plug assay. C57BL/6 mice (n = 3, total 12 mice) were injected subcutaneously with Matrigel mixed with VEGF (500 ng/mL) or recombinant PlGF-2 (200 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (50 μg/mL) (D). Mice were injected with vehicle or PB101 (50 mg/kg) every day. To assess the effects of PlGF-overexpressing T cells, CD4 + T cells isolated from PlGF transgenic (PlGF Tg) mice were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 Abs for 48 h. PlGF Tg CD4 + T cells (5 × 10 5 ) and their culture supernatants were incorporated into Matrigel with or without PB101 (50 μg/mL) (E). C57BL/6 mice (n = 3) were subcutaneously injected with these Matrigel plugs and received daily injections of Fc vehicle or PB101 (50 mg/kg). After 14 days, the vascularity of the Matrigel plugs was evaluated through visual assessment and H&E staining of the tissue sections. Scale bars, 500 nm (top) for Matrigel plugs, and 100 (middle) and 1000 (bottom) μm for H&E. The boxed areas in the upper panels of the H&E-stained images are shown at higher magnification in the lower panels. ( F ) Immunohistochemical staining of the Matrigel plugs was performed using an anti-F4/80 Ab to assess macrophage infiltration. The macrophages were manually counted in three randomly selected fields per section of total nine sites per group. Scale bars, 100 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls. ### p < 0.001 and #### p < 0.0001 vs. PB101-untreated positive controls. The p-values were determined via Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's multiple comparisons test.

    Techniques Used: Migration, Control, Transferring, Incubation, Recombinant, Matrigel Assay, Injection, Isolation, Transgenic Assay, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining

    Suppressive effects of VEGF-Grab on the aggressiveness of RA-FLSs. ( A ) Chemotactic migration of RA-FLSs in Transwell inserts. RA-FLSs (1 × 10 5 , n = 4) were loaded in the upper chambers of Transwell inserts. Culture media supplemented with 1% FBS and recombinant PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL), with or without PB101 (5 or 10 μg/mL), were loaded in the lower chamber. After 12 h, cells that migrated to the lower side of the Transwell membrane were manually counted. Scale bars, 1000 μm (upper panel) and 200 μm (lower panel). ( B ) Wounding migration assay with RA-FLSs. RA-FLSs (1.5 × 10 5 , n = 4) were seeded on 6-well plates, scratched with pipette tips, and treated with recombinant PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL), with and without PB101 (2 or 10 μg/mL), for 12 h. The cells that migrated across the reference lines (red dashed lines) were manually counted. Scale bars, 200 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. untreated controls. # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 vs. PlGF-treated positive controls. The p-values were determined via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ( C ) RA-FLS invasion into cartilage in a humanised synovitis model. RA-FLSs (2 × 10 6 ) were resuspended in a medium containing PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) or a medium with PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) and PB101 (2 μg/mL). These RA-FLSs were co-implanted with human cartilage into the left flanks (primary) of SCID mice (n = 3, total 6 mice). In the right flanks (contralateral), cartilage of the same size was implanted without RA-FLSs. For 60 days after cartilage implantation, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with vehicle or PB101 (2 mg/kg) twice a week. ( D ) Following excision, the cartilage samples were processed for H&E staining to evaluate invasion. The scoring protocol is detailed in the Materials and Methods section. For each implanted cartilage, three distinct regions were evaluated independently, and all regional values are shown as individual data points. Scale bars, 100 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗p < 0.05 vs. vehicle controls. The p-values were determined via an unpaired t -test.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Suppressive effects of VEGF-Grab on the aggressiveness of RA-FLSs. ( A ) Chemotactic migration of RA-FLSs in Transwell inserts. RA-FLSs (1 × 10 5 , n = 4) were loaded in the upper chambers of Transwell inserts. Culture media supplemented with 1% FBS and recombinant PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL), with or without PB101 (5 or 10 μg/mL), were loaded in the lower chamber. After 12 h, cells that migrated to the lower side of the Transwell membrane were manually counted. Scale bars, 1000 μm (upper panel) and 200 μm (lower panel). ( B ) Wounding migration assay with RA-FLSs. RA-FLSs (1.5 × 10 5 , n = 4) were seeded on 6-well plates, scratched with pipette tips, and treated with recombinant PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL), with and without PB101 (2 or 10 μg/mL), for 12 h. The cells that migrated across the reference lines (red dashed lines) were manually counted. Scale bars, 200 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. untreated controls. # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 vs. PlGF-treated positive controls. The p-values were determined via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ( C ) RA-FLS invasion into cartilage in a humanised synovitis model. RA-FLSs (2 × 10 6 ) were resuspended in a medium containing PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) or a medium with PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) and PB101 (2 μg/mL). These RA-FLSs were co-implanted with human cartilage into the left flanks (primary) of SCID mice (n = 3, total 6 mice). In the right flanks (contralateral), cartilage of the same size was implanted without RA-FLSs. For 60 days after cartilage implantation, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with vehicle or PB101 (2 mg/kg) twice a week. ( D ) Following excision, the cartilage samples were processed for H&E staining to evaluate invasion. The scoring protocol is detailed in the Materials and Methods section. For each implanted cartilage, three distinct regions were evaluated independently, and all regional values are shown as individual data points. Scale bars, 100 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗p < 0.05 vs. vehicle controls. The p-values were determined via an unpaired t -test.

    Techniques Used: Migration, Recombinant, Membrane, Transferring, Injection, Staining

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    Article Title: Determination of sFlt-1:angiogenic factor complex
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    Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay:

    Article Title: Determination of sFlt-1:angiogenic factor complex
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    Article Title: Determination of sFlt-1:angiogenic factor complex
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    Article Title: Determination of sFlt-1:angiogenic factor complex
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    Purification:

    Article Title: Determination of sFlt-1:angiogenic factor complex
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    Article Title: Determination of sFlt-1:angiogenic factor complex
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    Incubation:

    Article Title: Determination of sFlt-1:angiogenic factor complex
    Article Snippet: Plate Coating Costar 96-well microtiter high-binding plates were coated with 100 μL/well of a 10 mM phosphate, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.0 solution containing 1 ng/mL of anti-sFlt-1 antibody 49560 (R&D Systems) and incubated for 18 hrs at 25° C. Wells were washed once (PBS with 0.05% TWEEN®-20), followed by addition of 290 μL/well of blocking buffer (1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.0), then incubated for 1 hr at 25° C. Wells were aspirated and dried for 4 hrs in a low humidity incubator then sealed in air-tight bags prior to use. .. ELISA Method A series of samples containing a constant amount of recombinant sFlt-1 (purified recombinant sFlt-1, Scios; expressed in insect cells; corresponding to the 687 amino acid full-length soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1) and varying amounts of recombinant PlGF (149 amino acids; PlGF-1; expressed in E. coli; R&D Systems, Catalog Number: 264-PG/CF) were incubated together in sample diluent (blocker casein in PBS with 0.05% TWEEN®-20, Pierce) to allow formation of a sFlt-1:PlGF complex. ..

    Article Title: Determination of sFlt-1:angiogenic factor complex
    Article Snippet: Plate Coating Costar 96-well microtiter high-binding plates were coated with 100 μL/well of a 10 mM phosphate, 2 mM EDTA, pH7.0 solution containing 0.8 μg/mL of anti-PlGF antibody 358932 (R&D Systems) and incubated 18 hrs at 25° C. Wells were washed once (PBS with 0.05% Tween®-20), followed by addition of 290 μL/well of blocking buffer (1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.0), then incubated for 1 hr at 25° C. Wells were aspirated and dried for 4 hrs in a low humidity incubator, then sealed in air-tight bags prior to use. .. ELISA Method A series of samples as shown in Table 9, contain a constant amount of recombinant PlGF (SEQ ID NO:2; expressed in E. coli; R&D Systems, Catalog Number: 264-PG/CF) and varying amounts of recombinant sFlt-1 (687 amino acid full-length soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1; expressed in insect cells; Scios, Inc.) in a sample diluent (Blocker Casein in PBS with 0.05% TWEEN®-20, Pierce) which are incubated together to allow formation of a sFlt-1:PlGF complex; the mixture is added to the coated wells and the plate is incubated with shaking at 37° C. for 15 minutes. ..

    Article Title: Binding partners of the placental growth factor, especially antibodies directed against the placental growth factor, and production and use thereof
    Article Snippet: Microtitration plates (Nunc, Type B), were coated with polyclonal antibody against mouse IgG/F(ab)2 (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany); coating concentration 10 μg/ml≈1.5 μg/well. .. 100 μl of the monoclonal antibodies to be investigated were pipetted into the wells of the microtitration plate at a concentration of a) 1.0 μg/ml or b) 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD (Product No.: OSEW; Dade Behring Marburg, Germany) 100 μl of a solution of recombinant PlGF (R&D Systems, Catalog No.: 264-PG/CF) were added to each well at a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD, 100 μl of anti-human PlGF-POD conjugate (produced by a conventional conjugation method from “Human PlGF Affinity Purified Polyclonal Antibody”, Prod. .. No.: AF-264-PB/R&D Systems) were filled into each well and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After a further washing of the microtitration plate three times, 100 μl of Chromogen TMB solution (Product No.: OUVF, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and incubated for a further 30 minutes at +15 to +25° C. After the incubation, 100 μl of stop solution POD (Product No.: OSFA, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and the microtitration plate was assessed at 450 nm on the BEP II (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany).

    Article Title: Determination of sFlt-1:angiogenic factor complex
    Article Snippet: Plate Coating Costar 96-well microtiter high-binding plates were coated with 100 μL/well of a 10 mM phosphate, 2 mM EDTA, pH 7.0 solution containing 1 ng/mL of anti-sFlt-1 antibody 49560 (R&D Systems) and incubated for 18 hrs at 25° C. Wells were washed once (PBS with 0.05% TWEEN®-20), followed by addition of 290 μL/well of blocking buffer (1% bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.0), then incubated for 1 hr at 25° C. Wells were aspirated and dried for 4 hrs in a low humidity incubator then sealed in air-tight bags prior to use. .. ELISA Method A series of samples containing a constant amount of recombinant sFlt-1 (purified recombinant sFlt-1, Scios; expressed in insect cells; corresponding to the 687 amino acid full-length soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1) and varying amounts of recombinant PlGF (149 amino acids; PlGF-1; expressed in E. coli; R&D Systems, Catalog Number: 264-PG/CF) were incubated together in sample diluent (blocker casein in PBS with 0.05% TWEEN®-20, Pierce) to allow formation of a sFlt-1:PlGF complex. ..

    Immunoprecipitation:

    Article Title: Interaction of mesenchymal stem cells with fibroblast-like synoviocytes via cadherin-11 promotes angiogenesis by enhanced secretion of placental growth factor.
    Article Snippet: .. Briefly, MSC (1 3 106) were stimulated with 10 ng/ml recombinant PlGF (R&D Systems), and cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with rabbit anti-human VEGFR-1 Ab (clone Y103, ab32152; Abcam) and control rabbit IgG. .. The immunoprecipitated protein was immunoblotted with mouse anti-phosphotyrosine Ab (clone PY99, sc7020; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at a 1:500 dilution.

    Control:

    Article Title: Interaction of mesenchymal stem cells with fibroblast-like synoviocytes via cadherin-11 promotes angiogenesis by enhanced secretion of placental growth factor.
    Article Snippet: .. Briefly, MSC (1 3 106) were stimulated with 10 ng/ml recombinant PlGF (R&D Systems), and cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with rabbit anti-human VEGFR-1 Ab (clone Y103, ab32152; Abcam) and control rabbit IgG. .. The immunoprecipitated protein was immunoblotted with mouse anti-phosphotyrosine Ab (clone PY99, sc7020; Santa Cruz Biotechnology) at a 1:500 dilution.

    Bioprocessing:

    Article Title: Binding partners of the placental growth factor, especially antibodies directed against the placental growth factor, and production and use thereof
    Article Snippet: Microtitration plates (Nunc, Type B), were coated with polyclonal antibody against mouse IgG/F(ab)2 (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany); coating concentration 10 μg/ml≈1.5 μg/well. .. 100 μl of the monoclonal antibodies to be investigated were pipetted into the wells of the microtitration plate at a concentration of a) 1.0 μg/ml or b) 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD (Product No.: OSEW; Dade Behring Marburg, Germany) 100 μl of a solution of recombinant PlGF (R&D Systems, Catalog No.: 264-PG/CF) were added to each well at a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD, 100 μl of anti-human PlGF-POD conjugate (produced by a conventional conjugation method from “Human PlGF Affinity Purified Polyclonal Antibody”, Prod. .. No.: AF-264-PB/R&D Systems) were filled into each well and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After a further washing of the microtitration plate three times, 100 μl of Chromogen TMB solution (Product No.: OUVF, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and incubated for a further 30 minutes at +15 to +25° C. After the incubation, 100 μl of stop solution POD (Product No.: OSFA, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and the microtitration plate was assessed at 450 nm on the BEP II (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany).

    Concentration Assay:

    Article Title: Binding partners of the placental growth factor, especially antibodies directed against the placental growth factor, and production and use thereof
    Article Snippet: Microtitration plates (Nunc, Type B), were coated with polyclonal antibody against mouse IgG/F(ab)2 (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany); coating concentration 10 μg/ml≈1.5 μg/well. .. 100 μl of the monoclonal antibodies to be investigated were pipetted into the wells of the microtitration plate at a concentration of a) 1.0 μg/ml or b) 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD (Product No.: OSEW; Dade Behring Marburg, Germany) 100 μl of a solution of recombinant PlGF (R&D Systems, Catalog No.: 264-PG/CF) were added to each well at a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD, 100 μl of anti-human PlGF-POD conjugate (produced by a conventional conjugation method from “Human PlGF Affinity Purified Polyclonal Antibody”, Prod. .. No.: AF-264-PB/R&D Systems) were filled into each well and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After a further washing of the microtitration plate three times, 100 μl of Chromogen TMB solution (Product No.: OUVF, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and incubated for a further 30 minutes at +15 to +25° C. After the incubation, 100 μl of stop solution POD (Product No.: OSFA, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and the microtitration plate was assessed at 450 nm on the BEP II (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany).

    Produced:

    Article Title: Binding partners of the placental growth factor, especially antibodies directed against the placental growth factor, and production and use thereof
    Article Snippet: Microtitration plates (Nunc, Type B), were coated with polyclonal antibody against mouse IgG/F(ab)2 (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany); coating concentration 10 μg/ml≈1.5 μg/well. .. 100 μl of the monoclonal antibodies to be investigated were pipetted into the wells of the microtitration plate at a concentration of a) 1.0 μg/ml or b) 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD (Product No.: OSEW; Dade Behring Marburg, Germany) 100 μl of a solution of recombinant PlGF (R&D Systems, Catalog No.: 264-PG/CF) were added to each well at a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD, 100 μl of anti-human PlGF-POD conjugate (produced by a conventional conjugation method from “Human PlGF Affinity Purified Polyclonal Antibody”, Prod. .. No.: AF-264-PB/R&D Systems) were filled into each well and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After a further washing of the microtitration plate three times, 100 μl of Chromogen TMB solution (Product No.: OUVF, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and incubated for a further 30 minutes at +15 to +25° C. After the incubation, 100 μl of stop solution POD (Product No.: OSFA, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and the microtitration plate was assessed at 450 nm on the BEP II (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany).

    Conjugation Assay:

    Article Title: Binding partners of the placental growth factor, especially antibodies directed against the placental growth factor, and production and use thereof
    Article Snippet: Microtitration plates (Nunc, Type B), were coated with polyclonal antibody against mouse IgG/F(ab)2 (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany); coating concentration 10 μg/ml≈1.5 μg/well. .. 100 μl of the monoclonal antibodies to be investigated were pipetted into the wells of the microtitration plate at a concentration of a) 1.0 μg/ml or b) 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD (Product No.: OSEW; Dade Behring Marburg, Germany) 100 μl of a solution of recombinant PlGF (R&D Systems, Catalog No.: 264-PG/CF) were added to each well at a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD, 100 μl of anti-human PlGF-POD conjugate (produced by a conventional conjugation method from “Human PlGF Affinity Purified Polyclonal Antibody”, Prod. .. No.: AF-264-PB/R&D Systems) were filled into each well and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After a further washing of the microtitration plate three times, 100 μl of Chromogen TMB solution (Product No.: OUVF, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and incubated for a further 30 minutes at +15 to +25° C. After the incubation, 100 μl of stop solution POD (Product No.: OSFA, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and the microtitration plate was assessed at 450 nm on the BEP II (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany).

    Affinity Purification:

    Article Title: Binding partners of the placental growth factor, especially antibodies directed against the placental growth factor, and production and use thereof
    Article Snippet: Microtitration plates (Nunc, Type B), were coated with polyclonal antibody against mouse IgG/F(ab)2 (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany); coating concentration 10 μg/ml≈1.5 μg/well. .. 100 μl of the monoclonal antibodies to be investigated were pipetted into the wells of the microtitration plate at a concentration of a) 1.0 μg/ml or b) 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD (Product No.: OSEW; Dade Behring Marburg, Germany) 100 μl of a solution of recombinant PlGF (R&D Systems, Catalog No.: 264-PG/CF) were added to each well at a concentration of 0.1 μg/ml and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After washing of the microtitration plate three times with washing solution POD, 100 μl of anti-human PlGF-POD conjugate (produced by a conventional conjugation method from “Human PlGF Affinity Purified Polyclonal Antibody”, Prod. .. No.: AF-264-PB/R&D Systems) were filled into each well and incubated for 1 hour at +15 to +25° C. After a further washing of the microtitration plate three times, 100 μl of Chromogen TMB solution (Product No.: OUVF, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and incubated for a further 30 minutes at +15 to +25° C. After the incubation, 100 μl of stop solution POD (Product No.: OSFA, Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany) were filled into each well and the microtitration plate was assessed at 450 nm on the BEP II (Dade Behring Marburg GmbH, Germany).



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    Inhibitory effects of PB101 on angiogenesis. ( A ) Endothelial cell chemotactic migration assay. EA.hy926 cells (1 × 10 5 , n = 3) were loaded in the upper chambers of Transwell inserts and chemoattracted by VEGF (100 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (40 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (2 or 5 μg/mL) in the lower chambers. The cells that migrated to the underside of the Transwell chamber were manually counted, and the results are presented as a percentage of the untreated control (none). ( B ) Wounding migration of endothelial cells. EA.hy926 cells (4 × 10 5 , n = 5) seeded on a 6-well plate were wounded using pipette tips and treated with VEGF (200 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (2 or 5 μg/mL). The cells that crossed the reference lines (red dashed lines) were counted as migrated cells. ( C ) Capillary tube formation by endothelial cells. EA.hy926 cells (3 × 10 4 , n = 3–4) were seeded on a Matrigel-coated 96-well plate and incubated with VEGF (500 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (500 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (10 or 50 μg/mL). The tube formation area was measured and is presented as an arbitrary unit (a.u.). The cellular images are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bar, 200 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. The p-values were determined via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. PlGF- or VEGF-treated positive controls. ( D and E ) Suppression of recombinant PlGF-induced angiogenesis by PB101 in a Matrigel plug assay. C57BL/6 mice (n = 3, total 12 mice) were injected subcutaneously with Matrigel mixed with VEGF (500 ng/mL) or recombinant PlGF-2 (200 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (50 μg/mL) (D). Mice were injected with vehicle or PB101 (50 mg/kg) every day. To assess the effects of PlGF-overexpressing T cells, CD4 + T cells isolated from PlGF transgenic (PlGF Tg) mice were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 Abs for 48 h. PlGF Tg CD4 + T cells (5 × 10 5 ) and their culture supernatants were incorporated into Matrigel with or without PB101 (50 μg/mL) (E). C57BL/6 mice (n = 3) were subcutaneously injected with these Matrigel plugs and received daily injections of Fc vehicle or PB101 (50 mg/kg). After 14 days, the vascularity of the Matrigel plugs was evaluated through visual assessment and H&E staining of the tissue sections. Scale bars, 500 nm (top) for Matrigel plugs, and 100 (middle) and 1000 (bottom) μm for H&E. The boxed areas in the upper panels of the H&E-stained images are shown at higher magnification in the lower panels. ( F ) Immunohistochemical staining of the Matrigel plugs was performed using an anti-F4/80 Ab to assess macrophage infiltration. The macrophages were manually counted in three randomly selected fields per section of total nine sites per group. Scale bars, 100 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls. ### p < 0.001 and #### p < 0.0001 vs. PB101-untreated positive controls. The p-values were determined via Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's multiple comparisons test.

    Journal: eBioMedicine

    Article Title: The therapeutic effects of the VEGF decoy receptor fusion protein VEGF-Grab in chronic inflammatory diseases

    doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106216

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibitory effects of PB101 on angiogenesis. ( A ) Endothelial cell chemotactic migration assay. EA.hy926 cells (1 × 10 5 , n = 3) were loaded in the upper chambers of Transwell inserts and chemoattracted by VEGF (100 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (40 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (2 or 5 μg/mL) in the lower chambers. The cells that migrated to the underside of the Transwell chamber were manually counted, and the results are presented as a percentage of the untreated control (none). ( B ) Wounding migration of endothelial cells. EA.hy926 cells (4 × 10 5 , n = 5) seeded on a 6-well plate were wounded using pipette tips and treated with VEGF (200 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (2 or 5 μg/mL). The cells that crossed the reference lines (red dashed lines) were counted as migrated cells. ( C ) Capillary tube formation by endothelial cells. EA.hy926 cells (3 × 10 4 , n = 3–4) were seeded on a Matrigel-coated 96-well plate and incubated with VEGF (500 ng/mL) or PlGF-2 (500 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (10 or 50 μg/mL). The tube formation area was measured and is presented as an arbitrary unit (a.u.). The cellular images are representative of three independent experiments. Scale bar, 200 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. The p-values were determined via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01 vs. PlGF- or VEGF-treated positive controls. ( D and E ) Suppression of recombinant PlGF-induced angiogenesis by PB101 in a Matrigel plug assay. C57BL/6 mice (n = 3, total 12 mice) were injected subcutaneously with Matrigel mixed with VEGF (500 ng/mL) or recombinant PlGF-2 (200 ng/mL) with or without PB101 (50 μg/mL) (D). Mice were injected with vehicle or PB101 (50 mg/kg) every day. To assess the effects of PlGF-overexpressing T cells, CD4 + T cells isolated from PlGF transgenic (PlGF Tg) mice were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 Abs for 48 h. PlGF Tg CD4 + T cells (5 × 10 5 ) and their culture supernatants were incorporated into Matrigel with or without PB101 (50 μg/mL) (E). C57BL/6 mice (n = 3) were subcutaneously injected with these Matrigel plugs and received daily injections of Fc vehicle or PB101 (50 mg/kg). After 14 days, the vascularity of the Matrigel plugs was evaluated through visual assessment and H&E staining of the tissue sections. Scale bars, 500 nm (top) for Matrigel plugs, and 100 (middle) and 1000 (bottom) μm for H&E. The boxed areas in the upper panels of the H&E-stained images are shown at higher magnification in the lower panels. ( F ) Immunohistochemical staining of the Matrigel plugs was performed using an anti-F4/80 Ab to assess macrophage infiltration. The macrophages were manually counted in three randomly selected fields per section of total nine sites per group. Scale bars, 100 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 vs. untreated controls. ### p < 0.001 and #### p < 0.0001 vs. PB101-untreated positive controls. The p-values were determined via Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's multiple comparisons test.

    Article Snippet: Next, the cells were treated for 12 h with medium containing VEGF (200 ng/mL; catalog 100-20; Peprotech, Cranbury, NJ) or PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL; catalog 465-PL; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) with or without PB101 (2, 5, or 10 μg/mL) and supplemented with 1% FBS for EA.hy926 cells and 0.1% FBS for RA-FLSs.

    Techniques: Migration, Control, Transferring, Incubation, Recombinant, Matrigel Assay, Injection, Isolation, Transgenic Assay, Staining, Immunohistochemical staining

    Suppressive effects of VEGF-Grab on the aggressiveness of RA-FLSs. ( A ) Chemotactic migration of RA-FLSs in Transwell inserts. RA-FLSs (1 × 10 5 , n = 4) were loaded in the upper chambers of Transwell inserts. Culture media supplemented with 1% FBS and recombinant PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL), with or without PB101 (5 or 10 μg/mL), were loaded in the lower chamber. After 12 h, cells that migrated to the lower side of the Transwell membrane were manually counted. Scale bars, 1000 μm (upper panel) and 200 μm (lower panel). ( B ) Wounding migration assay with RA-FLSs. RA-FLSs (1.5 × 10 5 , n = 4) were seeded on 6-well plates, scratched with pipette tips, and treated with recombinant PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL), with and without PB101 (2 or 10 μg/mL), for 12 h. The cells that migrated across the reference lines (red dashed lines) were manually counted. Scale bars, 200 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. untreated controls. # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 vs. PlGF-treated positive controls. The p-values were determined via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ( C ) RA-FLS invasion into cartilage in a humanised synovitis model. RA-FLSs (2 × 10 6 ) were resuspended in a medium containing PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) or a medium with PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) and PB101 (2 μg/mL). These RA-FLSs were co-implanted with human cartilage into the left flanks (primary) of SCID mice (n = 3, total 6 mice). In the right flanks (contralateral), cartilage of the same size was implanted without RA-FLSs. For 60 days after cartilage implantation, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with vehicle or PB101 (2 mg/kg) twice a week. ( D ) Following excision, the cartilage samples were processed for H&E staining to evaluate invasion. The scoring protocol is detailed in the Materials and Methods section. For each implanted cartilage, three distinct regions were evaluated independently, and all regional values are shown as individual data points. Scale bars, 100 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗p < 0.05 vs. vehicle controls. The p-values were determined via an unpaired t -test.

    Journal: eBioMedicine

    Article Title: The therapeutic effects of the VEGF decoy receptor fusion protein VEGF-Grab in chronic inflammatory diseases

    doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106216

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Suppressive effects of VEGF-Grab on the aggressiveness of RA-FLSs. ( A ) Chemotactic migration of RA-FLSs in Transwell inserts. RA-FLSs (1 × 10 5 , n = 4) were loaded in the upper chambers of Transwell inserts. Culture media supplemented with 1% FBS and recombinant PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL), with or without PB101 (5 or 10 μg/mL), were loaded in the lower chamber. After 12 h, cells that migrated to the lower side of the Transwell membrane were manually counted. Scale bars, 1000 μm (upper panel) and 200 μm (lower panel). ( B ) Wounding migration assay with RA-FLSs. RA-FLSs (1.5 × 10 5 , n = 4) were seeded on 6-well plates, scratched with pipette tips, and treated with recombinant PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL), with and without PB101 (2 or 10 μg/mL), for 12 h. The cells that migrated across the reference lines (red dashed lines) were manually counted. Scale bars, 200 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗∗p < 0.01 vs. untreated controls. # p < 0.05 and ## p < 0.01 vs. PlGF-treated positive controls. The p-values were determined via one-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test. ( C ) RA-FLS invasion into cartilage in a humanised synovitis model. RA-FLSs (2 × 10 6 ) were resuspended in a medium containing PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) or a medium with PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL) and PB101 (2 μg/mL). These RA-FLSs were co-implanted with human cartilage into the left flanks (primary) of SCID mice (n = 3, total 6 mice). In the right flanks (contralateral), cartilage of the same size was implanted without RA-FLSs. For 60 days after cartilage implantation, the mice were injected intraperitoneally with vehicle or PB101 (2 mg/kg) twice a week. ( D ) Following excision, the cartilage samples were processed for H&E staining to evaluate invasion. The scoring protocol is detailed in the Materials and Methods section. For each implanted cartilage, three distinct regions were evaluated independently, and all regional values are shown as individual data points. Scale bars, 100 μm. The bar graphs present the mean and SEM. ∗p < 0.05 vs. vehicle controls. The p-values were determined via an unpaired t -test.

    Article Snippet: Next, the cells were treated for 12 h with medium containing VEGF (200 ng/mL; catalog 100-20; Peprotech, Cranbury, NJ) or PlGF-2 (100 ng/mL; catalog 465-PL; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) with or without PB101 (2, 5, or 10 μg/mL) and supplemented with 1% FBS for EA.hy926 cells and 0.1% FBS for RA-FLSs.

    Techniques: Migration, Recombinant, Membrane, Transferring, Injection, Staining

    Figure 3. TAC stimulates splenic PlGF secretion to induce cardiac RM proliferation and counteract HF (A and B) Serial LV echocardiography in basal condition and 1–2–4–8 weeks after TAC in Cx3cr1/ and WT mice. EF (A) and RWT (B) are shown. n = 4 WT TAC; n = 5 Cx3cr1/ TAC. Data as mean ± SEM and analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Sidak post hoc. ***p < 0.001.

    Journal: Immunity

    Article Title: A heart-brain-spleen axis controls cardiac remodeling to hypertensive stress.

    doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.02.013

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. TAC stimulates splenic PlGF secretion to induce cardiac RM proliferation and counteract HF (A and B) Serial LV echocardiography in basal condition and 1–2–4–8 weeks after TAC in Cx3cr1/ and WT mice. EF (A) and RWT (B) are shown. n = 4 WT TAC; n = 5 Cx3cr1/ TAC. Data as mean ± SEM and analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Sidak post hoc. ***p < 0.001.

    Article Snippet: In vivo administration of recombinant PlGF Mice subjected to splenectomy have been treated by intraperitoneal injection of 1,5 mg/Kg body weight of recombinant PlGF (rPlGF) (R&D Systems) and with NaCl 0.9% as vehicle control as previously described.14 Follow up analysis of cardiac remodeling has been performed by echocardiography.

    Techniques:

    Figure 4. Splenic-derived PlGF promotes the expansion of RMs and hinders HF (A and B) Immunofluorescence (A) and quantification (B) of PlGF in the splenic marginal zone delimited by ERTR7+ fibroblast reticular cells in sham or TAC mice subjected to CGX or control (scale bar, 50 mm). n = 6 sham; n = 5 TAC; n = 5 TAC CGX. Data as mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc. *p < 0.05. (legend continued on next page)

    Journal: Immunity

    Article Title: A heart-brain-spleen axis controls cardiac remodeling to hypertensive stress.

    doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.02.013

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. Splenic-derived PlGF promotes the expansion of RMs and hinders HF (A and B) Immunofluorescence (A) and quantification (B) of PlGF in the splenic marginal zone delimited by ERTR7+ fibroblast reticular cells in sham or TAC mice subjected to CGX or control (scale bar, 50 mm). n = 6 sham; n = 5 TAC; n = 5 TAC CGX. Data as mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc. *p < 0.05. (legend continued on next page)

    Article Snippet: In vivo administration of recombinant PlGF Mice subjected to splenectomy have been treated by intraperitoneal injection of 1,5 mg/Kg body weight of recombinant PlGF (rPlGF) (R&D Systems) and with NaCl 0.9% as vehicle control as previously described.14 Follow up analysis of cardiac remodeling has been performed by echocardiography.

    Techniques: Derivative Assay, Control

    Figure 6. PlGF-NRP1 mediates adaptive functions of macrophages during pressure overload (A and B) Flow cytometry (A) and quantification (B) of NRP1 expression in cardiac Ly6CloTimd4Lyve-1+ RMs after TAC. n = 6 sham; n = 7 TAC. Data as mean ± SEM and analyzed by unpaired t test. ***p < 0.001.

    Journal: Immunity

    Article Title: A heart-brain-spleen axis controls cardiac remodeling to hypertensive stress.

    doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.02.013

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. PlGF-NRP1 mediates adaptive functions of macrophages during pressure overload (A and B) Flow cytometry (A) and quantification (B) of NRP1 expression in cardiac Ly6CloTimd4Lyve-1+ RMs after TAC. n = 6 sham; n = 7 TAC. Data as mean ± SEM and analyzed by unpaired t test. ***p < 0.001.

    Article Snippet: In vivo administration of recombinant PlGF Mice subjected to splenectomy have been treated by intraperitoneal injection of 1,5 mg/Kg body weight of recombinant PlGF (rPlGF) (R&D Systems) and with NaCl 0.9% as vehicle control as previously described.14 Follow up analysis of cardiac remodeling has been performed by echocardiography.

    Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing